Personality Assessment And Awareness Can Have A Profound...

Personality assessment and awareness can have a profound effect on organizational behavior. Employee motivation, attitude and job/employee satisfaction are areas that organizations must effectively manage and control, to grow and be effective. Employees also have a responsibility to themselves and the organization, to understand their personality, needs, strengths, and shortcomings. If this happens, employees can bring quality contributions to the organization and positively affect personal, group and workplace behavior. Section One Part One: What about me? My personality scores indicated that I am a highly extroverted, conscientious, emotionally intelligent and stable, highly creative type A+ personality. I have unsatisfied needs for growth, relatedness, and existence, with dominant needs for achievement and power, with slightly lesser needs for autonomy and affiliation. I possess a higher than average involvement in my job, where I am a diversity optimist that places high value on salvation, self-respect, happiness, truthfulness, education, and hard work. I work in a job with high motivating potential, where I am very confident in my abilities to succeed and constantly set realistic goals. I favor seeing individuals awarded, and am very flexible in perceptions of others (Robbins, 2009). Part Two: Working with others My communication style is very neutral; non-dominant, not argumentative, mildly animated, attentive and friendly. I possess goodShow MoreRelatedLeader Centric Versus Group Centric2725 Words   |  11 PagesThroughout his entire life philosophical scholar Socrates was predominantly interested in ethics. He believed that self-knowledge is the sufficient condition to the good life. He identified knowledge with virtue. If knowledge can be learned, so can virtue. Thus, virtue can be taught. If this is indeed the case and virtue could be taught, then society should be able to be molded into a perfect image of humanity. We all aim to emulate Socrates ethical intellectualism, however according to Aristotle’sRead MoreWhat Makes A Person s Personality?1995 Words   |  8 Pagesunique with their particular traits. Each person is constructed from various characteristics, which define a person’s personality. Even twins differ at some points. To und erstand human behaviors, many psychologists conducted surveys and models to classify personalities into categories. For example, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) by psychologist Carl Jung is a popular personality inventory, which contains characteristics grouped into four scales of opposite poles: 1. Extroversion (E) / IntroversionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreHow Change Is An Tool For Organisational Development And The Pace Of Change Essay9720 Words   |  39 Pagesoutcomes and performance, improves service quality, enhances employee satisfaction, moral and engagement and also develops an organisation in general, considering the world as a global village. However, introducing change will depend heavily on the awareness of change, readiness and finally the capacity of the change agent. Research has shown that a key factor as far as organisational change is concern, is employee’s commitment and that creating a committed workforce in the midst of changes has becomeRead MoreEthical Leadership And Ethical Decision Making Are A Challenge For Any Organization Or Institution Essay6614 Words   |  27 Pageschallenge for any organization or institution. Within your professional area/industry, analyze how and why ethical practices and behaviors are critical to your d iscipline and to the success of organizations. Justify your response in detail with three examples of current ethical practices and discuss the key theoretical concepts and industry guidelines involved. These examples can be from your own professional experience or through research of the literature of case studies. Support your statements andRead MoreEthical Leadership And Ethical Decision Making Essay7037 Words   |  29 Pageschallenge for any organization or institution. Within your professional area/industry, analyze how and why ethical practices and behaviors are critical to your discipline and to the success of organizations. Justify your response in detail with three examples of current ethical practices and discuss the key theoretical concepts and industry guidelines involved. These examples can be from your own professional experience or through research of the literature of case studies. Support your statements andRead MoreLeadership Development Model Of Bass And Avolio9476 Words   |  38 PagesCHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Hayward (2005) pointed out that the studies on leadership have been ongoing as far back as early 1900. This is prompted by the fact that man has always sought to answer what is it about a leader that distinguishes him or her from another leader, what it is about an individual that makes him or her a leader, why do some leaders fail and why do some other leaders excel etc. In attempt to provide answers to these questions, several leadership theories andRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreEmerging Chemical And Industrial Goods Manufactures4203 Words   |  17 PagesThroughout our path of success we never compromise consistency of the product quality. We strive hard to maintain the standards and strictly adhere to zero fault tolerance. Credibility: In our business credibility comes first before profitability. We have won hearts our clients and we will always keep our brand high. Products and Services Advanced materials, agricultural surfactants, custom process technology, customized carbon coating, carbonated water, diamines, epoxides, ethylene products, hydrocarbonsRead MoreChrysanthemum Cineraiifolium23103 Words   |  93 Pagesfollowing questions: (a) Why is this case about team conflict? What conflicts do you see developing? (b)How is distance affecting team dynamics and performance? (c) What do you think about the decision to appoint sub-team sponsors? What problems can it solve? Which problems might it not solve? 2 TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE NO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 ANALYSIS DISCUSSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

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The Contributions Of Descartes And Hume - 3394 Words

The contributions of Descartes and Hume towards the issue of establishing: the existence of God Introduction: Arguments for and against the existence of god have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists and others for thousands of years. In Philosophy, these arguments involve primarily the disciplines of Epistemology and Ontology and can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective. The epistemic arguments place different restrictions on our ability have knowledge, some arguing for conditions that allow the possibility for one to have knowledge of God, and hence, prove his existence, others placing restrictions on our knowledge, hence arguing that it’s not possible to have knowledge of god therefore proving he cannot exist. The most prominent of these arguments for/against the existence of god can be separated into four types. Firstly, the ‘cosmological arguments’ which explain the existence of the universe in reference to a being on whom all else depends for it’s existence (Routledge, 2000, p.758). Secondly, there are the ‘teleological arguments’ also known as the ‘arguments from design’, that posit an intelligent creator/designer of the physical world. Third, the ‘ontological arguments’ which concentrate on the idea of a perfect being that it is illogical to deny that such a being exists (Routledge, 2000, p.758). Last are ‘moral arguments’ for the existence of god, which argue that- if God does not exist, objective moral values don’tShow MoreRelatedRene Descartes And Kant1013 Words   |  5 Pagesstudying, a common theme present amongst Renà © Descartes, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant is the fact that all three philosopher s challenged the traditional ways of thinking about philosophy respective to their eras. In certain aspects, all three of these philosophers also grappled with understanding, discovering, and logically explaining the power of the mind to shape whole truths. From Descartes’ foundational work with methodological doubt to Kant’s contribution to previous philosophical concepts such asRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers of epistemology are Rene Descartes and David Hume, the former being a rationalist, and the latter an empiricist. In this paper I will attempt to give an understanding of both rationalism and empiricism, show the ideas and contributions each of the men made to their respective schools, and hopefully give my personal reasoning why one is more true than the other. Rationalism was developed by several important philosophers all around the 17th century. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz are allRead MoreDavid Hume And Renee Descartes s Theories Of Knowledge And Ideas1356 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophers David Hume and Renee Descartes have opposing views about the origination of ideas. Hume claims that all ideas are copies of impressions, which come from sensation. Descartes disagrees with this, arguing that in order to obtain knowledge, there must be a rational method for obtaining it, and that the senses are not a reliable source. This essay will present both philosopher’s arguments and compare and contrast each perspective regarding matters of knowledge and ideas. I will then argueRead MoreKant vs Aristotle1314 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence and the material world. Through these individual theories I will show how each fits into the category of either Rationalist or Imperialist. The Plutonian philosophers to be discussed will includ e Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. And the Aristotelian philosophers will include Locke, Berkeley and Hume. Plato, a philosopher of the 17th century, contended that Opinion at its best is a matter of probability, and knowledge at its least is entirely sure (Lamprecht, 1955, p. 43) For Plato, knowledgeRead MoreEssay about Discuss How Psychology Developed as a Scientific Discipline1127 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology as a science is Renà © Descartes; a French philosopher and mathematician. Descartes was most influential in his recognition of the body and mind being two separate entities. Descartes differed from other philosophers in his proposal of dualism as he recognised that there is interaction between mind and matter, which was key in the development of psychology as a science as it lead to two principles in psychology: introspectionism and behaviourism. Whilst Descartes emphasised rationalism, JohnRead MoreHume and Knowledge Creation766 Words   |  3 PagesHume and knowledge creation The dominant work by Hume was his A Treatise of Human Nature, in this work he attempted to construct a science of man that contrasted with the ideas of Descartes and other enlightenment thinkers. The pillar of Humes divergence was anchoring knowledge in empiricism rather than rationality. Hume argued that desire instead of rationality was the foundation of human nature. This essential departure from his peers is important to understanding the work of Hume. In thisRead MoreThe Philosophers Who Contrubuted to the Development of Behaviorism891 Words   |  4 Pagesteacher of sorts. Descartes (1596-1650) was taken with Plato’s rationalism, as well as his views on dualism. The idea that the mind and body interacted with one another led to his own thoughts on how they might be structured, placing the body as subservient to the mind. This intern led Descartes to develop his famous declaration, â€Å"I think therefore I am.† This idea further propelled future thinkers to examine the separation of mind and body. Hobbes (1588-1679) rejected much of Descartes’ work, most especiallyRead MoreWhy Psychology Is Important For Mental Health Professionals2300 Words   |  10 Pageshoped that our contributions today will benefit the people of tomorrow. Contributions of Descartes, Locke and Hume to Psychology Rene Descartes Rene Descartes lived in the early 17th century near the end of the Renaissance era (Goodwin, 2015). According to Goodwin (2015), Descartes seemed to be more of a scientist than a philosopher in his younger years. He was not satisfied with accepting the unchallenged truth of others and he was committed to finding things out for himself. Descartes wrote his DiscourseRead MoreHistory of Modern Psychology Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagesat the present time. Many philosophers can be credited to the development of this science. Starting in the early 18th and 19th centuries philosophers such as Rene’ Descartes and John Locke opened the world of what we know as psychology today. The British empiricists also contributed to psychology. Some of these men include David Hume and David Hartley. Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short. –Hermann Ebbinghaus 1908 Key Issues in Psychology’s History A psychologist/historianRead MoreModern Psychology : The Scientific Study Of Mind And Behaviour1637 Words   |  7 Pagesnext philosopher to make a contribution that would have an impact on the emergence of modern psychology was the French philosopher, mathematician and scientist, Rene Descartes. His contribution has seen him labelled by some as the founder of modern psychology (Prado, 2009). During the 17TH century under the encouragement of Descartes, one of the most influential rationalists of this period, interactions of the body and mind provoked multitudinous debates. Descartes accepted dualism, the metaphysical

Mexican Immigrant Life and Americanization in the 1920’s Free Essays

In his book, Major Problems in Mexican American History, Zaragosa Vargas describes the Mexican Immigrant experience from 1917-1928. He begins by assessing the Protestant religious experience for a Mexican in the early 1920’s, and then describes Mexican life in both Colorado in 1924 and Chicago in 1928. After defending Mexican Immigrants in 1929, he includes an outline of an Americanization program, followed by an anecdote of a Mexican immigrant in the 1920’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Immigrant Life and Americanization in the 1920’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vargas uses these documents to show the evolvement of Americanization of Mexicans from a community goal to a societal demand. Vargas begins with the Mexican Immigrant experience in the early 1920’s, and describes it mostly as a community project spearheaded by the Church and called for the aid of volunteers. The children learned and studied English in school, so the programs focused mostly on courses in English for the wives and mothers of the community. These English courses consisted mostly of vocabulary for familiar and most frequently seen objects. Sunday schools resulted from this process, and in turn made way for the development of night schools, clinics, an employment bureau, and a boys and girl’s club. In Colorado in 1924, Mexicans played a respectable role in society as not only a decent part of the population, but also the labor force. Spanish-Americans took a notable part in politics, and were involved in many occupations that included mostly agriculture, mining, and steel works. The recreation was also important to Spanish-American life in Colorado; the somewhat newly developed buildings were a source of community for many. Mexicans in Chicago in 1928, Vargas argues, lived a very different lifestyle and endured different hardships than the Mexicans in the Southwest. They were a much smaller part of the community, consisting of small, well-defined neighborhoods and several smaller less defined colonies. These Mexicans lived in the poorest houses in these neighborhoods, and most buildings guaranteed poor living conditions for these families. Employment only came certain times during the year when demand for labor was high, and it was the Mexicans who suffered most when certain industries reduced labor. In the words of Anita Edgar Jones, â€Å"They are the last to arrive and the first to be laid off† (Vargas). Mexican Life in Chicago during this time period served as a temporary solution for many families as they moved from recent arrivals to a more desirable place with better opportunity as they became more established and stabilized. Some neighborhoods were poorly organized for recreation, and even lacked Spanish-speaking employees at their community or recreation centers. Communities also lacked a Spanish-speaking priest, which is evidently different from early Americanization programs implemented in the Southwest in the early 1920’s. After addressing and defending most of the problems of Mexican Immigration in 1929, Vargas moves on to an outline of a typical Americanization program in 1931, where the Mexican Immigrant experience evolved from a community project that supported and encouraged Mexican assimilation, to a list of demands and requirements for Mexican and Spanish Americans to be acceptable members of society. Vargas uses these documents to show the progression of assimilation of Spanish Americans and Mexican immigrants into American society in the 1920’s. The life of a Mexican Immigrant during this time was very taxing, and these Americanization programs were used as a tool to attempt to create a society that operated under certain ideologies and values. As a result, this created an even stronger division between cultures, and prevented assimilation of the two groups. How to cite Mexican Immigrant Life and Americanization in the 1920’s, Essay examples

Achieving the Potential of Health Care Performance Measures

Question: Discuss about Achieving The Potential of Health Care Performance Measures? Answer: The nursing industry is readily evolving at a rapid pace. It is one of the highest populated fields in the healthcare sector. Millions of people are employed in the area of nursing. The evolution of medical science calls for a change in the infrastructure of nursing. Traditionally speaking, the nursing industry has always been limited to the presently prevailing demand and supply rate. The field follows a reductionist approach as opposed to a holistic approach (Naim, 2014). According to the Wolf report in 2003, the requirements of the present work are unforeseen. Significant changes are waiting for approval from administrative bodies. The evolving factors are challenging the practitioners, educators as well as learners. To identify the issues and resolve them this report discusses the evolutionary work of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee Initiative on the Future of Nursing and the Institute of Medicine research that led to the IOM report, Future of Nursing: Leading Change , Advancing Health. (Berenson et al., 2013) Discussion of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee Initiative In 2008, a collaborative approach was initiated by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee and the Institute of Medicine (Hickey et al., 2014). This method focused on assessing and responding to the need for transformation in the field of nursing. The field is failing to meet the set benchmark for the futuristic approach. Nurses are capable of generating a widespread transformation in the industry by supporting futuristic practice patterns, but they are held back by several regulatory barriers. This initiative aims to identify the barriers and propose recommendations to fix them. The report discusses the importance of elevating the scope of education and training in nursing. The educational approaches towards nursing are varied. To attain the license, students can take any approach that suits their educational structure. The idea is to raise the bar in education and training to ensure that each nurse coming out of the program is equipped enough to handle tough situations that may require deeper involvement. To ensure a balanced medical environment, there should be a partnership between the nurses, the medical practitioners, and the staff. To ensure equal partnership stabilizing the workforce is of utmost importance but that requires functional workforce planning and policy making. This, in turn, requires accumulation of quantifiable data regarding the currently employed workforce (Hoyle Johnson, 2015). State-based action coalition State-based action coalition can help in implementing the recommendations suggested in the report submitted by the collaborated association of the committee and the IOM (Cramer et al., 2013). The newly suggested coalition points join hands with the pre-existing coalitions to form a strong basic infrastructure. Every state is coming up with new plans to implement the coalition points. The state-based action coalition programs are focused on the particular states looking to follow up on the recommendations. The action coalitions are the driving force in the state-based implementation of the recommendations. A diverse group of stakeholders is included in the approach to amass the best practices, identify the research needs, track the lessons learned and replicate functionally supreme models (campaignforaction.org, 2016). Alabamas progress report In the field of nursing education Alabama has made progress in the right direction. Many initiatives have been taken to ensure high quality education in health care services. The aim is to increase the number of highly educated nurses in the medical sector. Leadership qualities are necessary for nursing, but this is something that is highly underrepresented in the industry. Alabama has recognized the need to communicate the value of leadership to the community and is acting to develop competencies in the industry and identify the available opportunities. The state has recognized the need for enhanced nursing practice and developed strategic partnerships to help the same. The goal of the state is to increase the population's access to high quality cost-effective care, and Alabama is creating proactive, collaborative plans to ensure the same. Including diverse forces of nursing is not the norm in Alabama but the state is utilizing the recommendations of the initiative to create a diver se workforce. Professional data repository has been identified as a requirement, and the state is adapting to implement the required ideas (campaignforaction.org, 2016). Two initiatives of Alabama Two remarkable initiatives of Alabama can be viewed in Capstone College of Nursing at the University of Alabama and Alabama Nurse Leaders in Education and Practice. In the first instance, the focus is on improving the educational aspect. The 80 by 20 task force brings together community college and University nursing leaders to overcome educational hurdles in degree programs. The ANLEP provides expert guidelines, mission and vision principles as well as priorities to create a leadership base that is robust and functionally high on expertise level. While the first initiative helps build a strong educational base which can help bring the nursing field to the futuristic forefront, the second initiative looks to create high-end leadership goals for the future nurse and healthcare staff to follow (Giger, 2014). Problems and their solutions In Alabama as in the other states of the US, the structure of the nursing industry is disorganized and could use some reforms. The recommendations of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee Initiative facilitate the identification of the issues and resolving them with the help of the guidance of the recommendations. The leadership structure is not present in Alabama, and the educational structure is not as strong as is required. Partnership as well is not encouraged. But with the implementation of the recommendations, the scenario is becoming better each day and the state is becoming the primary choice for nursing professionals (Hamric et al., 2013). Conclusion The nursing industry is lacking in proper infrastructure and functionality in Alabama and all the other USA states. With the help of the recommendations from the collaborated efforts of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee and IOM, the states are changing their medical infrastructure. Levels of education and training are improving along with partnership options. Workforce planning and reconstruction of the inherent policies are becoming commonplace in the nursing industry. Aided by the recommendations, the states are on the way of improving the ancient sector of healthcare. The future of nursing is fast approaching, and the states are readying themselves handle the change in the scenario. Reference Berenson, r. A., pronovost, p. J., krumholz, h. M. (2013). Achieving The Potential Of Health Care Performance Measures: the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Campaignforaction.org,. (2016).Future of Nursing | Campaign for Action. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from https://campaignforaction.org/ Cramer, M. E., Lazure, L., Morris, K. J., Valerio, M., Morris, R. (2013). Conceptual models to guide best practices in organization and development of State Action Coalitions.Nursing outlook,61(2), 70-77. Giger, J. N. (2014).Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., O'Grady, E. T. (2013).Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hickey, K. T., Hodges, E. A., Thomas, T. L., Coffman, M. J., Taylor-Piliae, R. E., Johnson-Mallard, V. M., ... Gates, M. G. (2014). Initial evaluation of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars program.Nursing outlook,62(6), 394-401. Hoyle, C., Johnson, G. (2015). Building skills in organizational and systems changes: A DNP-FNP clinical curriculum.The Nurse Practitioner,40(4), 14-23. Nairn, S. (2014). Nursing and the new biology: towards a realist, antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ reductionist approach to nursing knowledge.Nursing Philosophy,15(4), 261-273.

Napster.Com Essays - Metallica, Napster, Web 2.0,

Napster.Com Napster.com The Napster software (http://www.napster.com), launched early in 1999, allows internet users to share and download MP3 files directly from any computer connected to the Napster network. The software is used by downloading a client program from the Napster site and then connecting to the network through this software, which allows sharing (uploading and downloading) of MP3 files between all users connected to the network. While Napster does not condone copyright infringement, there is no opportunity in the software to stop this, or for royalties to be paid to artists whose songs are being duplicated for free. Unlike similar file-sharing applications (Gnutella, Freenet), Napster limits users to uploading/downloading of MP3 files only. These files are compressed wave (.wav) files. The advantage of MP3 files is that they are approximately one-tenth the size of the corresponding .wav file and can be close-to-CD-quality. It is for this reason that many artists, record labels and other music industry stakeholders are concerned by the MP3 file format and applications like Napster that simplify the sharing of copyrighted material. Other file formats in common use on the Internet are not as threatening to the recording industry; primarily due to the reduced quality of the recording. Real audio (.ra, .rm) files have reduced sound quality (comparable to radio) and are usually streamed over a different protocol, allowing people to listen to songs without having (or being able) to download the source files. Another 'music' file format common on the internet is the midi format. These files are of no threat to the music industry because the files are not actually a recording of the music; rather a set of instructions to the computer as to what sounds to play (and there is no way to duplicate vocal tracks). This file format is also becoming outdated and being used less and less. The reaction from recording artists, record labels and other music industry players has been varied, but primarily anti-Napster. The first action to be taken against Napster was by the band Metallica. In April of this year, they sued Napster Inc for copyright infringement. The case was settled out of court when Napster agreed to ban some 300,000 users who had allegedly downloaded Metallica songs. Again in June Napster Inc was sued for copyright infringement by The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), a trade group representing the US recording industry, alleging Napster is enabling and encouraging the illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted music. Napster claims that Audio Home Recording Act that permits copying of material for personal use, allows it's uses to swap MP3s. Napster further claims immunity by defining the company as an ISP under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The RIAA unsuccessfully applied to have an injunction to stop Napster's operations u ntil after the court case in September, so Napster will continue to operate until (and if) the court rules against Napster. Other artists and record labels (http://www.napster.com/speakout/artists.html and http://www.napster.com/speakout/labels.html) have responded to the advent of Napster and similar applications in a more positive way, embracing the new technology rather than rejecting it. On their website, the Offspring says MP3 technology and programs such as Napster [are] a vital and necessary means to promote music and foster better relationships with our fans. Interestingly enough, the Offspring's last album, Americana, was made available online illegally before commercially released, yet it is the band's best-selling album to date. Furthermore, a number of surveys have proven that Napster users actually buy more CDs, after 'sampling' the songs online (http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/1/12093.html). It is this issue that is at the core of the RIAA lawsuit, whether Napster and similar applications will mean reduced CD sales. Napster does challenge the traditional distribution of music (CDs, cass ettes, vinyl etc) but whether this should be viewed as a threat or simply a new medium to be exploited by the music industry is another issue. Some record labels, most notably Epitaph (http://www.epitaph.com) have partnered with sites like e-music.com to sell full albums and single songs in MP3 format over the web. In this case, the record company has in fact gained a new distribution method, rather than seeing it as the 'enemy'. Of course, in this scenario, the record company still gets a cut

Essay Sample on Job Design Improvement

Essay Sample on Job Design Improvement Repetitive work for 8 hours a day, day after day can often cause health problems for employees as well as lead to ineffectiveness. In order to reduce the negative impact of monotonous jobs, improve the organization of tasks to streamline efficiency, job design concept was introduced. Job design and work organization is the specification of the contents, method and relationships of jobs to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the personal needs of job holders (Accel Team). Job design is about the ways to organize a set of tasks, or an entire job. Some argue that job design improves workers’ motivation and dedication to work. However, at a closer examination, job design can only contribute to the better efficiency within an organization, eliminate some health problems, but will not impact employee morale and enthusiasm at work. Rearranging activities can help alleviate fatigue and/or boredom according to Environmental Health and Safety Office (University of Toronto). For example, ergonomically designed workstations will not eliminate all problems for individuals who continuously perform repetitive, monotonous work. Generally, health complaints can be significantly reduced if workers are given a variety of tasks, and some control over their work. Approaches to job design improvement include job enlargement, job rotation, job enrichment and work design. Job enlargement includes more and different tasks. Job enlargement may or may not give employees more responsibility but should increase interest to the work. Job rotation assumes moving employees from one task to another, distributing the group tasks among a number of employees. Job enrichment allows employees to assume more accountability, responsibility, and independence when learning new tasks and allows for greater participation and new opportunities. Work design allows employees to see how the work methods, handling procedures, and work layout are linked together as well as the interaction between machines and people. Currently companies offer job design consulting services, which cover writing job descriptions, constructing job competencies, determining standards of performance, designing effective reward packages, drawing up employment contracts. (Business and Training Solutions Ltd.). As one can see, the primary role of job design approaches is to speed up the processes and make the most out of every employees work. Thus employee morale and motivation are not the primary focus and result of the job design concept application, although they may appear as a side-effect. If you need a custom essay, research paper, thesis, dissertation, term paper on Sociology, Management or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.